Writing a Psychology Essay A Complete Guide

Writing a Psychology Essay A Complete Guide Many college freshmen don’t take essays seriously, associating them with assignments they used to write in high school. However, despite having the same name they are quite different. In high school, you could have gotten by summarizing a chapter from your textbook and throwing in a few original thoughts. A college essay is as serious a research assignment as a dissertation – just on a smaller scale. You should demonstrate that you have understood the material, analyzed it and reached your own conclusions. In other words, don’t retell someone else’s knowledge but transform it. In this psychology essay writing guide, we will tell how exactly it is done, step by step. Pre-Writing Tips Choice of Topic If you are assigned with a topic by your professor you will not have to deal with this stage at all. Only in case you are assigned a topic but don’t like it, you should ask your professor if it can be changed or modified. If you provide good reasons the decision may be in your favor; If you are given some freedom, choose a topic that will show your knowledge and abilities in the most favorable light. Choose a topic you are interested in. Are you personally interested in a specific area of psychology? Have you recently read about a fascinating experiment? Do you know something that wasn’t part of the course and can impress your professor? When you are genuinely interested in what you write about, you are more likely to produce independent ideas and do deeper analysis; Narrow your topic down. â€Å"Depression† is not an essay topic, it is way too broad. â€Å"Primary Causes of Depression† is a bit better but still too general. Aim for something like â€Å"Factors Influencing the Increase in the Number of Depression Cases among American College Students in 2010s†; Write your topic down and check if it poses a question. The topic mentioned above, for example, can be boiled down to â€Å"Why students get depressed more often this decade?† An essay is supposed to be an answer to a question – if it isn’t, you simply retell knowledge without processing it; Discuss the topic with your professor to make sure your choice is valid. As for more specific ideas, try these: Psychological concept, e.g. Flaws of Behavioral Theory of Leadership; Psychological disorder, e.g. Correlations between Eating Disorders and Suicide Risks; Type of therapy, e.g., Use of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy in Depression Treatment; Area of human cognition, e.g. Causes and Consequences of False Memories; Analysis of a psychological experiment, e.g. Moral Implications of the Results of Milgram Obedience Experiment. Reinterpret the Title/Question The most important factor in your essay’s grade is whether you’ve managed to answer the question set in the topic. However, this shouldn’t be treated literally. If, for example, your topic is â€Å"Common Causes of Bullying in Middle School†, you shouldn’t just enumerate some factors that are commonly considered as such causes. You should evaluate the information available on the subject critically, review and discuss evidence and make your own conclusions. A good rule of a thumb is to rewrite any essay and title adding words â€Å"provide critical evaluation of the data† and â€Å"with reference to facts and examples†. Find and Read the Sources A number of studies suggest a significant correlation between the number of actively used sources and essay grades. When doing your research, make sure that you gather enough sources, but don’t add them purely to bloat your page. If a source has no value to your work other than being an extra entry, drop it. Proceed along these lines: If you are a given a list of literature on the topic, read it and make notes on info that may be useful; Start jotting down a rough plan of your essay. You already should define your main argument and single out a few crucial points in its support; Define the main authorities on the subject from the reading you’ve done so far; Check if any of them wrote a publication on the topic not mentioned in your list. You can always find up-to-date information on PubMed; Google your essay’s title and see if there are any reliable sources; Look in Pubmed using the keywords for your essay. Planning Psychology essays consist of the same parts as any other and follow the same rules. This means that you should let content words from the title/question lead you and organize the material you’ve gathered according to a traditional plan: Introduction; Body paragraphs; Conclusion. Jot down the main points that are to be mentioned in each of body paragraphs and what evidence you will use to support your points. Psychology Essay Writing Tips Introduction As a student of psychology, you should know about anchoring and adjustment effect: the first impression influences the final assessment. Most markers will form a definite evaluation of your essay after reading the first 1-2 sentences. It is much easier to make a good impression from the get-go than to adjust the first negative impression in positive direction. In other words, if an essay starts off poorly, the marker will be biased against it. And vice versa – if it starts brilliantly, the marker will be more likely to forgive some flaws later on. There is no single right way to write a good introduction, but some practices are universal. It should: Be short and focused, no more than about 10 percent of the overall essay size; Point out the main subject of the essay and the terms you are going to use; Describe the issues behind the basic question in the title; Chalk out your main argument and its structure. Normally it is best to write the introduction last, when you have the rest of the essay ready. Body Paragraphs The main part of the essay where you introduce all the new information, analyze it and try to find out the truth of the matter. This is the part you have most freedom with, but still you have to follow certain principles: Make a paragraph your primary unit of meaning. Every paragraph should deal with a single topic. If you notice that you’ve gradually moved on from one topic to another within a single paragraph, detach the additional point into a paragraph of its own; Don’t try to prove something. Your work doesn’t exist in isolation from the body of research done by other authors, and it is impossible to prove a theory in science. The best you can hope for is to find information that supports some previously made points – you cannot guarantee some new data doesn’t crop up to disprove your findings. It is especially true for psychology, because in this science the very concept of â€Å"proof† is very vague. Don’t write â€Å"This proves Jackson’s theory†. Write â€Å"This information is consistent with my theory†; Differentiate between sources of information. There are high-value, reliable sources (peer-reviewed journals) and low-value ones (newspapers, popular websites, bestselling books). The latter should be used sparingly, if at all; Avoid using emphatic language. Words like â€Å"terrible†, â€Å"ludicrous†, â€Å"unforgivable† have no place in scientific discourse. Let the objective weight of your evidence prove your point; Don’t rely on secondary sources too much and never cite them as primary ones. If you find a quotation from a publication in one of your sources and want to use information from it you should mention it â€Å"as cited in† your primary source. However, having too many such quotations looks unprofessional – if you use them extensively, get these sources yourself and read them. And never get tempted to cite them as primary sources – it is a very bad (and easily recognizable) practice. Conclusion When you’re done with body paragraphs, don’t just trail off. Introduction defines the first impression, but it is the conclusion that is fresh in the marker’s memory when he thinks what grade to give you. Don’t introduce new arguments. If they are necessary, find a place for them in the body. Summarize the key points and show how they answer they main question. If necessary, suggest ideas for future research. Don’t be vague: a sentence like â€Å"More research needs to be done before definitive conclusions are to be made† indicates that you have no idea what your study entails. Moreover – you haven’t even achieved any conclusion, i.e., didn’t finish your work. Indicate what this research is to be and why you think it is beyond the scope of your current task. Post-Writing Revision Most students write their essays and believe that their job ends there. As a result, their grades often suffer due to mistakes and flaws that could have been corrected through only a superficial revision. Meanwhile, skilled writers spend just as much if not more time rereading, proofreading, correcting and revising their essays than they spent on writing per se. However, it is not the time you spend revising nor the number of revisions but rather how you approach the job. Let your essay cool off – let at least one night pass between finishing a draft and revising it; Revise according to a checklist (more on it a little later); Have somebody else read your essay and ask them for detailed criticism. Specify that you don’t mind getting a negative review. You may ask a friend or even hire a professional proofreading service; The more people you ask for opinions, the better. Unfortunately, most psychology students understand revision as merely checking their writing for grammar and spelling mistakes. However, they mix it up with editing, which is just a part, and the least important one, of revision. Revision checklist is a list of questions you have to ask yourself when revising the first draft of your essay. Ideally, you should reread your essay at least twice, each time concentrating on different aspects: Structure and Content Revision Does the essay’s structure work as intended? Does the introduction serve as an effective hook for the reader? Do essay parts interconnect logically? Is each paragraph limited to a single point? Are the transitions between points smooth? Is the conclusion effective at summing things up? How relevant is your argumentation for the primary issue of the essay? Are the issues clearly expressed and analyzed? Does your argumentation have any obvious weak spots? Do you address them? Are there any issues left uncovered? Do you supply all your arguments with relevant evidence? Are you truly critical when reviewing the evidence? Do you look at things from your opponent’s point of view? Do you show signs of bias? Style Revisions Don’t try to make your writing appear more scientific by using long words and psychological terminology and jargon. The ability to discuss complicated subjects in simple language is a skill you should try to develop early on; Don’t introduce more than one significant point per paragraph in the body of the essay; Use active voice whenever possible. Make exceptions only for the situations in which the actor is secondary to the action; Avoid long sentences, cut them into shorter ones when possible. As a variant, alternate sentence length: a longer one per 2 or 3 shorter ones; Eliminate clichà ©s, repetitions and vague generalized expressions; Cut mercilessly. You may want to reread the essay one more time for this purpose alone: if a word, sentence or an entire paragraph is not necessary to understand the point, get rid of it. It is probably the single most important part of revising. What Should Be Cut without Hesitation: Our Writers Know for Sure If you cannot reach your word count with meaningful content, you should do additional research. Filler text not only does a poor job at masking the lack of meaningful content but also can turn into a bad habit that is very hard to break. Redundant nouns: e.g., â€Å"The interference facilitated the process of transformation†; Redundant verbs. Verbs â€Å"to do†, â€Å"to make†, â€Å"to have† and â€Å"to be† are often used with nouns that have their own verb forms (do research, have an inclination, make an upgrade); Weak modifiers. These words add nothing to the meaning of a sentence: usually, somewhat, pretty, quite, rather, normally, really, etc. And finally – if you find that you don’t like how your essay turns out and still have free time, don’t hesitate to cut entire parts of it or start from scratch. Your purpose here is not to get rid of an assignment but to get the best possible grade – and the more you practice, the more likely you are to impress your tutors!

Exercises in Identifying Adverb Clauses

Exercises in Identifying Adverb Clauses An adverb clause (also known as an adverbial clause) is a dependent clause used as an adverb within a sentence. These types of clauses can modify the whole sentence, as well as verbs, adverbs, and adjectives, and may show aspects such as time, reason, concession, or condition. These clauses may often start with words such as while, if, because, when, although, unless, since, so that, whereas, even if, in case, as long as, and other words. In contrast, an adjectival clause will modify a noun and start with a relative pronoun (that, who, whose, whom, or which) or a subordinate conjunction (when  and  where). Before doing these exercises, you may find it helpful to review the study sheet Building Sentences With Adverb Clauses. Practice Identifying Adverb Clauses Each of these  proverbial sayings contains an adverb clause. Identify the adverb clause in each sentence, and then compare your answers with those below. While the cats away, the mice will play.A lie travels around the world while truth is putting her boots on.If you dont know where you are going, any road will get you there.Memory is deceptive because it is colored by todays events.Never look down on anybody unless youre helping him up.You have to kiss a lot of toads before you find a handsome prince.Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect.Life is what happens when you are making other plans.As soon as you forbid something, you make it extraordinarily appealing.Everything is funny, as long as its happening to somebody else.Don’t count your chickens before they hatch.If you want something done right, you have to do it yourself. When the going gets tough, the tough get going. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Cowards die many times before their death. Dont cross the bridge till you come to it. Dont put the cart before the horse. Answer Key In the following sentences, the adverb clauses are in  bold print. Examine what word or phrase theyre modifying and what aspect they show (time, reason, concession, or condition). For example, in sentence 1, the clause refers to the time that the mice will play. While the cats away, the mice will play.A lie travels around the world  while truth is putting her boots on.If you dont know where you are going, any road will get you there.Memory is deceptive  because it is colored by todays events.Never look down on anybody  unless youre helping him up.You have to kiss a lot of toads  before you find a handsome prince.Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect.Life is what happens  when you are making other plans.As soon as you forbid something, you make it extraordinarily appealing.Everything is funny,  as long as its happening to somebody else.Don’t count your chickens before they hatch. If you want something done right, you have to do it yourself. When the going gets tough, the tough get going. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Cowards die many times before their death. Dont cross the bridge till you come to it. Dont put the cart before the horse.

Methods rasearch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods rasearch - Essay Example The best design depends on the research question as well as the orientation of the researcher. The study will adopt descriptive survey as a method of collecting information by using a standardized form of interview schedule and administering a questionnaire to a sample of individuals. This method is most appropriate for collecting information to determine if high school teachers and middle school differ in their attitude towards education reform. Both the secondary and primary data will be used in the analysis. The design is also suitable because it gives an in-depth description of the phenomena in their existing setting. Descriptive survey is also preferred because it is economical in collecting data from over a large sample with high data turn over. Variables Since it is a quantitative research, this proposed study has both dependent and independent variables. The independent variables for the study is the teaching levels (middle and high school teachers) while the dependent variab le are the attitude towards school reforms. On the other hand, this proposed study will seek to establish the relationship between the dependent variable (school reforms) and the independent variable (teaching levels). Participants The Purpose of this study is to determine if there is a difference in attitude between high school teachers and middle school teachers towards education reform. The researcher will carry out 30 questions on a questionnaire survey to determine the attitude of high school and middle school teachers towards education reform. The target population of the study is high school and middle school teachers across the country. 500 participants will be interviewed during the study. For preciseness, the teachers will be divided according to various age and sex. This will give a spread of responses and the opportunity to identify interesting differences. Sample and Sampling Design Sample selection depends on the population size, its homogeneity, the sample media and i ts cost of use, and the degree of precision required. The study will use the stratified sampling technique to get the required strata Khan (2011). This is a technique where the population is organized into strata, with each member occupying a specific stratum possessing homogenous characteristics. Each member of a particular stratum then has a probabilistic chance of being chosen into the sample. The population of this study was organized into four strata; male and female teachers, those under 30 and over 30 years old. Simple random sampling technique was then used to select the 500 respondents that were used from the study Procedures The study will rely mainly on primary data from the questionnaires and secondary data on large scale variables. The questionnaire will be based on likeard scale and ordinal scale. Besides, non-quantifiable statements within the questionnaire will be developed on non-ordinal scale which entails personal views Khan (2011). Open and closed ended questionn aires will be used to when asking the responds about their attitude towards school reforms. Specifically, self-administered questionnaires will be used. It is considered that a combination of self-administered questionnaires and in-depth personal interviews are, for the research, the most appropriate

Evidence-Based Pharmacology Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Evidence-Based Pharmacology - Research Paper Example Pneumonia is a disease that indicates towards the inflammatory condition of lungs. It can be further elaborated that the infection in the lung tissue is regard as a state of pneumonia. During the attacks of pneumonia, a lung does not function properly that is likely to cause risk on the health of concerned person. People are affected by pneumonia due to a large numbers of reasons such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, idiopathic as well as parasites. In this regard, the diagnosis of pneumonia is referred to as significant for the providing an effective treatment to the patients. Pneumonia can be diagnosed by evaluating the symptoms and signs of an acute lower respiratory tract infection. Besides, the symptom of pneumonia can also be identified through a chest X-ray that that is effective in examining any kind of infections (Lutfiyya, Henley, Chang & Reyburn, 2008). Initially the treatment of Community- acquired Pneumonia (CAP) dependent on the physical examination, laboratory results as well as characteristics of patients. However, the treatment of pneumonia has identified the need of hospitalization for medical aid. There are two types of pneumonia treatment process that are outpatient and inpatient treatment. Specifically, mentioning that the treatment of the diseases is highly depending upon types of pneumonia. The medical practitioner’s suggest patients to consume antibiotics for treating pneumonia effectively (Caballero & Rello, 2011).

Professional Negligence Case Notes Essay Example for Free

Professional Negligence Case Notes Essay In relation to professional negligence the concept of the reasonable man becomes that of the reasonable professional. The reasonable man will normally lack the skill and expertise acquired by the professional. These professional men and women are not only required to take reasonable care but also to measure up to the standard of competency that can be expected from such professionals-that is the standard of, for example the reasonable nurse or the reasonable solicitor. The Irish Supreme Court considered the issue of Medical Negligence in The case of Dunne v. The National Maternity Hospital {1989} IR 91 and set out the standard of care in what we call professional negligence. In this case the plaintiff sued the hospital, claiming that he had suffered severe brain damage while being delivered, due to the negligence of the attending doctors. The Chief Justice set out the standard of care required from medical doctors (and equally other professionals) as : â€Å"The true test for establishing negligence in the diagnosis or treatment on the part of a medical practitioner is whether he has been proved to be guilty of such failure as no medical practitioner of equal specialist or general status and skill would be guilty of if acting with ordinary care† Page 109 Thus the courts rely on what is reasonable among the profession. In determining what is reasonable for a nurse in any circumstances the courts will consider whether the nurse acted in accordance with general and accepted practice. Generally if they have acted in accordance with general and accepted practice then the nurse will not be negligent. In the Dunne case the Chief justice as expressed this If an allegation of negligence against a medical practitioner is based on proof that he deviated from a general and accepted practice, that will not establish negligence unless it is also proved that the course he did take was one which no medical practitioner of like specialisation and skill would have followed had he been taking ordinary care required from a person of his qualifications If a medical practitioner charged with negligence defends his conduct by establishing that he followed a practice which was general, and hich was approved of by his colleagues of similar specialisation and skill, he cannot escape liability if in reply the plaintiff establishes that such practice has inherent defects which ought to be obvious to any person giving the matter due consideration. An honest difference of opinion between doctors as to which is the better of two ways of treating a patient does not provide any ground for leaving to the ju ry {or judge} as to whether a person who has followed one course rather than the other has been negligence. It is not for a jury {or judge} to decide which of two alternative courses of treatment is in their {or his} opinion preferable, but their (or his) function is merely to decide whether the course of treatment followed, on the evidence, complied with the careful conduct of a medical practitioner of like specialisation and skill to that professed by the defendant. † This comprises a major statement by the Irish Supreme Court as regards to the general principles in relation to professional negligence. A number of points might be noted in relation to these principles: 1. It was accepted that â€Å"general and approved practice† need not be universal –but it must be approved of, and implemented by, a substantial number of the profession holding the relevant specialist or general qualification 2. A professional may deviate from general and approved practice although with the limitation that it should not be one that â€Å"no medical practitioner of like specialisation and skill would have followed had he been taking ordinary care required from a person of his qualifications† This provision acknowledges the nature of professional work and the need to employ discretion in order to advance professional development 3. It is expert evidence that determines what â€Å"general and approved practice† is. In the case of a professional that is evidence of fellow members of the profession. These principles have been upheld by the Irish courts on a number of occasions Example : Healy v The North -western Health Board (unreported, High Court, 31 January 1996, Flood J) Facts: this case concerned a difference of opinion as regards what course of action should have been followed in the discharge of a entally ill patient. It was contended that the Health board was negligent in the discharge of the plaintiff’s father who committed suicide following discharge. This man had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital suffering from depression and was discharged after nine days. It was claimed that the discharge procedure was not properly conducted. This procedure in relation to a patient suffering from depression involved consideration of the potential risk of suicidal traits. An expert witness concluded that the hospital notes did not appear to show a proper assessment of risk had been undertaken prior to discharge. Apart from one note there was no evidence that staff carried out a suicide risk assessment. Another expert was of the view that it was not sufficient to ask the patient about suicide especially when there were some pointers towards suicidal thoughts. Expert witnesses said that in relation to suicide assessment there were two schools of thought . One school believed that the process of suicide risk assessment must be a formal one consisting of consistent and continuous inquiry into the mental state of the patient . The discharge must be as a result of an informed decision accompanied by the risk assessment The second school of thought expressed a more informal approach, including discussion with other healthcare professional involved in care and employing a checklist approach. The practice in many parts of Ireland was of the more informal nature and if the patient did not bring up the issue then it was not followed by further questions. The court in deciding the question applied the principles stated in the Dunne case. The test applied then was whether the defendant acted with ordinary care of an equally competent practitioner as to the administration of a general practice approved by a substantial amount of practitioners of like skill and specialisation. The principles in the Dunne case state that a difference of opinion is no grounds to establish liability. Applying these principles to the case the court held: It was not up to the judge to decide which of two schools of thought –the formal or informal – was to be preferred. It was however inherent in both that the risk of suicide in a patient with depression was assessed prior to discharge. In this the court did not interfere in the professional judgement as to which form that assessment took but it was clear that it was â€Å" general and approved practice† that the risk of suicide was assessed prior to ischarge of a patient suffering from depression. In this instance the court accepted that the procedure was not incorrect but the question arose as to whether it was carried out in a manner that accorded with general and approved practice. The court held that there was no indication that the assessment had been carried out, as was good practice and noted in the patients clinical notes. There was no evidence then that the patient was in firm remission. The court held the defendant negligent in not having carried out an assessment And, if he had carried out an assessment, it would have been inadequate or inadequately considered. There are a number of points that might be made in relation to this judgement-there were two aspects of the care of this patient that led the court to consider the defendants negligent: 1 The hospital did not maintain proper clinical records on the plaintiff’s father 2 The decision that the patient was in firm remission was not supported by general and approved practice of assessment of risk of suicide

Online Communities :: essays research papers

I. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  York university in Canada once created a web site called York University Student Center Online. This web site concern about the student activities on campus and outside. First lunched in 2001, the aim of York’s website is entertainment and media publication. It has a good reputation among other Canadian universities’ websites. The web site archives many of the student activities since its launch till today. Some of the website activities are holding online orientations for new students, weekly newsletter about student clubs and organizations, collecting donations, web register for events and concerts, online discussion with professors. The article York University Student Center Online says that lots of York’s students has got active in the university from behind their computers screens only. These students where in some day in the past the typical character of the passive students. The articles also claims that many crimes came about from behi nd the website. Students misused the other students properties and tried to steal their work and ideas that they have published on the website (yorku.ca). These disadvantages appears to the surface always with the existence of a new web technology. York’s website is an example of what so called an online community for college students. This new form of a web site can also be applied at AUS. Although an online community for AUS students may have some disadvantages, it is beneficial for four main reasons. II. Online communities background Community is an odd and rich term in the world of Internet public life. Like many key conception of the social sciences, it has specific and rigid meaning for scholars, and broader connotation when it is used in the information technology language. According to Christian Crumlish, an online community or virtual community â€Å"is a group whose members are connected by means of information technologies, typically the Internet† (Crumlish, p. 142). By this definition of the online community, the Internet is the term behind the internationally connected computers that link the people all around the world into online discussions by using the great CMC (Computer-Mediated Communications) technology. This general definition fulfills all the possible activities that can be done in an online community. Howard Rheingold in his book The Virtual Community claims that the important thing to keep in mind is that the worldwide interconnected telecommunication network that we use to make telep hone calls in sharjah and Dubai can also be used to connect computers together at a distance, and you don't have to be an engineer to do it (rheingold.

The Background Of Metabolic Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Harmonizing to recent worldwide estimations, 1.7 billion people are classified as either corpulence or corpulent, more than 1 billion have high blood pressure, and more than 500 million have either diabetes or the pre-diabetes position, impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) [ Hossain et Al. 2007 ] . Metabolic syndrome ( MetS ) A is a complex and multivariate disease thought to be when a figure ofA coincident metabolicA abnormalcies occur in the same person with a frequence higher than it could be expected by opportunity, foremost coined â€Å" syndrome Ten † in 1988 by ( Reaven 1998 ) . The first formal definition of the MetS was put away in 1998 by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . The International Diabetes Federation ( IDF ) described a syndrome as â€Å" a recognizable composite of symptoms and physical or biochemical findings for which a direct cause is non understoodaˆÂ ¦the constituents coexist more often than would be expected by opportunity entirely. When causal mechanisms are identified, the syndrome becomes a disease. † MetS is so a composite of complecting hazard factors for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , diabetes and shot. The bunch of hazard factors encompasses dysglycemia ( unnatural glucose degrees ) , raised blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) , hyperglycemia, elevated triglyceride degrees, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterin degrees, and cardinal adiposeness tissue degrees ( fleshiness ) . Metabolic syndrome has been assigned its ain ICD-9 diagnostic codification: 277.7, but there is ongoing contention about whether metabolic syndrome is a homogenous upset or disease, and whether it merits acknowledgment as a syndrome ( Huang 2009 ) . MetS has many factors involved ; most surveies agree that the underlying pathology of abnormalcies seems to be related to insulin opposition ( IR ) and fleshiness. The job and confusion comes from the differences in standards for the diagnosing of MetS by the ( WHO, 1998 ) , the European Group for survey on insulin Resistance ( EGIR ) in 1999, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III ( NCEP-ATP III ) in 2001, the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the ( IDF ) 2005. Regardless of which standard is used for diagnosing, all major bureaus agree to an extent that the cardinal factors include fleshiness and waist perimeter ( WC ) , insulin opposition, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure ( Alberti et al 2006 ) Multiple diagnostic standards from several beginnings have given rise to confusion and incompatibilities. Because of the different threshold degrees and how they they are combined to name, there may be fluctuations within in the same population at analysis of informations, taking to skewed hazard schemes and the prioritization of patients and their preventative intervention. One individual may be diagnosed and intervention on the footing of one set of standards, but so be ineligible utilizing another. The purpose of this instance survey is to place and foregrounding the most relevant and up to day of the month facets of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, experimental theoretical accounts, and related clinical and population informations in relation to MetS. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimates that more than 1 billion people are overweight globally, and if the current tendency continues, that figure will increase to 1.5 billion by 20154. It is estimated that over 1.7 billion individuals worldwide are fleshy, more than 300 million of whom are clinically corpulent. This addition is a multifactor with deficiency of exercising, aging, familial sensitivity and hormonal alterations being cited. This addition in fleshiness and fleshy people is associated with the addition in prevalence of Mets and diabetes ( Wild et al 2011 ) . Abdominal fleshiness is linked with the opposition effects of insulin on peripheral glucose and fatty acid metamorphosis, which can consequences in type 2 diabetes mellitus. With fleshiness comes Insulin opposition and that can take to hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycaemia, and increased adipocyte cytokines that contribute to endothelial disfunction, altered lipid profile, high blood pressure, and systemic redness. This procedure of harm can advance the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Therefore Mets has several possible aetiologic classs, upsets of adipose tissue ; insulin opposition ; and the grouping of independent factors of hepatic, vascular, and immunologic beginning involved in different constituents of the MetS. When the single constituents of Mets cluster together and this is associated with both the addition hazard of Diabetes and CVD ( Wild et al 2011 ) With many hazard factors for CVD included within the MetS assorted definition and standard ‘s, the purpose is provide utile early diagnosing of MetS that in bend identifies persons with cardinal fleshiness and cardio-metabolic hazard factors. ( Wild et Al 2011 ) . These persons are at increased hazard of type 2 diabetes, CVD, non-alcoholic fatso liver disease ( NAFLD ) and sleep apnoeas. These hazard factors like abdominal fat degrees can frequently be left untreated as separately they do non justify intercession. Not all fleshy people are at high hazard degrees of vascular disease, type 2 diabetes and NADFL. The Mets definition is aimed at placing the subgroups of these fleshy and corpulent persons that are at a high hazard of the effects of inordinate abdominal fat and Insulin Resistance ( IR ) . As mentioned above, several organisations have established their ain diagnostic standards for MetS, NCEP ATP III, AHA/ NHLBI, WHO, IDF, EGIR, and ACE. With In there diagnostic standards of the MetS, different combinations of predating pathological factors are required, including: Iridium, dysglycemia, low HDL-C, hypertriglyceridemia, fleshiness or increased waist perimeter, high blood pressure, impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) or DM, microalbuminuria and hyperinsulinemia. ( See Table 1 ) . The prevalence of the MetS is increasing throughout the universe ( who ) the many different estimations are nevertheless dependent on the definition used and the topic ( e.g. , sex, age, race, and ethnicity ) . The WHO and NCEP: ATPIII definitions are similar for fleshiness, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. The inclusion of requirements, IR, IGT, and type 2 diabetes of the WHO definition are more tapered. The estimations reached by the assorted definitions in a individual population are frequently really similar across surveies ; the rates are variable in subpopulations with MetS and besides between cultural groups. Therefore the planetary prevalence estimations of MetS vary and are unsure. Statistically, the incidence of metabolic syndrome is reported from assorted beginnings over the decennary is variable between the populations. It was estimated that 20-30 % European population is affected ( Vosatkova et al 2012 ) . The consequences of a wide-spread epidemiological survey carried out among the US population show metabolic syndrome prevalence of 23.9 % as defined by the standards of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and 25.1 % harmonizing to WHO standards ( Ford and Giles, 2003 ) . Most surveies used the NCEP-ATP III definition and showed an elevated prevalence of MS in different parts of the universe. Harmonizing to ( NHANES ) 2003-2006, about 34 % of people studied met the NCEP: ATPIII revised standards for MetS. ( Appendix Table 2 ) A reappraisal of current prevalence tendencies and statistics was carried out in by ( Marjani 2012 ) identified the following planetary incidence and epidemiological findings from assorted equal reviewed beginnings: The undermentioned information is taken from ( Marjani 2012 ) : The prevalence of MetS was found to increase with age with 20 % of males and 16 % of females under 40 old ages of age, 41 % of males and 37 % of females between 40-59 old ages, and 52 % of males and 54 % of females 60 old ages and over by and large. Incidence of metabolic syndrome additions as age progresses. In a survey in Turkey, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 15.3 % , 23.1 % , 28.0 % , 26.0 % , and 20.5 % among people aged from 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, 70 to 79 and a†°? 80 old ages old, severally. Study of Ford showed that the prevalence in the US was16.5 % and 46.4 % for males aged 20 to 60, and 19.1 % to 56.0 % , for females with additions in MetS prevalence with increased age [ 19 ] . World Health organisation predicts the prevalence of fleshiness to be 4.8 % in developed states, 17.1 % in developing and 20 % in less developed. Cardiovascular disease is one of the chief grounds of decease among adult females in the universe. .women aged more than 55 have a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease than younger adult females. In several surveies, the incidences of metabolic syndrome among postmenopausal adult females were found to be increased in the universe. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome ( utilizing the WHO definition ) in Ireland was 21 % . The prevalence was higher in males ( 24.6 % ) than in females ( 17.8 % ) . The Botnia survey † ( utilizing the WHO definition ) found the prevalence in Finland was 84 % and 78 % in male and female topics with type-2 diabetes, severally. In the United States, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 21.8 % utilizing the ATP III definition. Mexican Americans had the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome ( 31.9 % ) . The prevalence was similar for male ( 24.0 % ) and female ( 23.4 % ) subjects. The prevalence in Isfahan ( Iran ) was 65.0 % with higher rate in females than males ( 71.7 % female and 55.8 % male ) . The prevalence in Karachi ( Pakistan ) was 79.7 % in type 2 diabetics, ( 45.5 % females and 34.3 % males ) . The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetics in Japan was 168 ( 26.37 % ) out of 637 type 2 diabetic patients. The prevalence was higher in males ( 45.9 % ) than females ( 28.0 % ) . A survey done in Korean estimates the overall prevalence was 32.6 % . The prevalence was found to be 46.9 % and 65.1 % among males and females severally. The overall prevalence among Saudis with type 2 diabetes was 22.64 % ( 19.49 % male, 25.17 % female ) . The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients is higher in females ( 53.27 % ) than males ( 48.71 % ) , and that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Gorgan is appreciably higher compared with that in some other states. One of the latest and up to day of the month documents by ( Craig and Turner 2012 ) made a systematic reappraisal of 85 surveies. They found the average prevalence of MetS in whole populations was 3.3 % , in fleshy kids was 11.9 % , and in corpulent populations was 29.2 % . Although prevalence rates are varied throughout the universe it is clear that metabolic syndrome has developed into epidemic degrees and farther research is needed as the mechanisms of MetS are non to the full known ( Cornier et al 2008 ) . As described above, the general hypothesis to depict the pathophysiology of MetS is insulin opposition and abdominal fleshiness ( Cornier et al 2008 ) . Visceral fleshiness is the chief cause of the metabolic syndrome, and is associated with development of high blood pressure in the metabolic syndrome via a assortment of pathwaysA ( Figure1 ) . Metabolic Syndrome and its related upsets Insulin opposition Cardinal fleshiness Glucose intolerance Dyslipidemia with elevated triglycerides Low HDL-cholesterol Microalbuminuria Predominance of little heavy LDL-cholesterol atoms High blood pressure Endothelial disfunction Oxidative emphasis Inflammation Related upsets of polycystic ovarian syndrome, fatty liver disease ( NASH ) , and urarthritis A major subscriber is an surfeit of go arounding fatty acids, released from an expanded abdominal adipose tissue. Free Fatty Acids ( FFA ) cut down insulin sensitiveness in musculus by suppressing insulin-mediated glucose consumption. Increased degree of go arounding glucose additions pancreatic insulin secernment ensuing in hyperinsulinemia. In the liver, FFA increase the production of glucose, triglycerides and secernment of really low denseness lipoproteins ( VLDL ) . The effect is the decrease in glucose transmutation to glycogen and increased lipid accretion in triglyceride ( TG ) . Insulin is an of import antilipolytic endocrine. In the instance of insulin opposition, the increased sum of lipolysis of stored triacylglycerol molecules in adipose tissue produces more fatty acids, which could farther suppress the antilipolytic consequence of insulin, making extra lipolysis and more FFA. This build up of FFA from increased the volume of adipocytes lead to IR through the look of assorted proinflammatory cytokines. These cytokines, tumour mortification factor ( TNF ) -I ± , interleukin ( IL ) -1 and IL-6 are increased in adipose tissue but the production of anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin is reduced, this look is linked to systemic redness. The instability of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines, induces insulin opposition by impairing the insulin signalling procedure. ( acquire ref ) . This addition in cytokines promote lipolysis and increase Free fatty acids ( FFAs ) so causes endothelial disfunction and increased coronary artery disease hazard ( Wieser et al 2013 ) See ( Appendix Figure 2 ) Inflammatory cytokines have been reported in the development of high blood pressure. ( Grundy 2003 ) suggests a important association among redness, high blood pressure, and the metabolic syndrome. TNF-I ± stimulates the production of endothelin-1 and angiotensinogen. interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) is a multifunctional cytokine which mediates inflammatory responses and stimulates the cardinal nervous system and sympathetic nervous system. This mediates an addition in plasma angiotensinogen and angiotonin II, and hence high blood pressure. ( Sarafidis and Bakris 2007 ) show that IR increases leptin and NEFA degrees thereby augmenting sympathetic nervous activation. The survey besides showed NEFA to raise blood force per unit area, bosom rate, and I ±1-adrenoceptor vasoreactivity, while cut downing baroreflex sensitiveness, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, and vascular conformity. Insulin has anti-natriuretic and stimulates nephritic Na re-absorption. Insulin opposition and the ensuing hyperinsulinemia induce blood force per unit area lift by the activation of sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS ) causes sodium keeping and volume enlargement, endothelial disfunction and change in nephritic map. The subsequent hyperinsulinemia promotes the addition in sodium soaking up by the kidneys, which can impair force per unit area natriuresis, thereby doing high blood pressure in salt-sensitive persons. Hyperinsulinemia increases the sympathetic activity, taking to arterial high blood pressure. 1475-2891-7-10-1 ( 1 ) .jpg ( Figure 2 ) IR proposed tracts. YanaiA et al.A Nutrition JournalA 2008A 7:10 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-10 Insulin opposition is characterized by pathway-specific damage in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signalling. In the endothelium, this may do an instability between the production of azotic oxide and secernment of endothelin-1, taking to decreased blood flow. The accretion of splanchnic fat elevates the activity in the renin-angiotensin system, due to an increased production of angiotensinogen, which accordingly favours arterial high blood pressure. FFAs contribute to endothelial disfunction by a combination of lessened PI3K-Akt signalling, increased oxidative emphasis. And increased ET-1 production. Insulin opposition and splanchnic fleshiness are associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia ( Semenkovich, 2006 ) . Atherogenic dyslipidemia can develop from increased ( FFAs ) . They are known to assist the production of the lipoprotein ( apoB ) within ( VLDL ) atoms, ensuing in more VLDL production. Insulin usually breaks down apoB through PI3K-dependent tracts, therefore insulin opposition additions VLDL production. Hypertriglyceridemia in insulin opposition is the consequence of both an addition in VLDL production and a lessening in VLDL clearance. VLDL is metabolized to remnant lipoproteins and little dense LDL, both of which can advance atheroma formation. Insulin opposition besides causes endothelial disfunction by diminishing Akt kinase activity, ensuing in lessened eNOS phosphorylation and activity. Phosphorylation of eNOS is required for the hemodynamic actions of insulin, this consequences in lessened blood flow to skeletal musculus and endothelial disfunction that so worsens insulin opposition. The metabolic consequences of drawn-out insulin opposition produce Glucose intolerance. AS mentioned earlier, glucose consumption in adipocytes and skeletal musculus cells is decreased and can no longer be absorbed by the cells but remains in the blood, but hepatic glucose production is increased. Therefore an overrun insulin by beta cells to keep plasma glucose homeostasis. Once the pancreas is no longer able to bring forth adequate insulin to get the better of the insulin opposition, impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) develops. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, IGT is a pre diabetic status in which serum glucose concentrations range between 140 and 200A mg/dL 2 H after a 75A g glucose burden ( WHO ) Persons with IGT have extended loss of first stage insulin secernment and a decreased 2nd stage, and persons with type 2 diabetes have small first stage insulin release at all. ( Mackie and Zafari 2006 ) Postprandial hyperglycaemia appears to bring forth oxidative emphasis, addition protein glycation, addition hypercoagulability, and damage endothelial cells, all of which promote coronary artery disease. Hyperglycemia is a well-known hazard factor for micro and macrovascular disease ( HutchesonA andA Rocic 2012 ) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality via means an increased hazard of CVD and type 2 diabetes among others. Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased oxidative emphasis. Recent documents suggest that some of the implicit in pathologies contribute more entire oxidative emphasis than others ( HutchesonA andA Rocic 2012 ) ( huge grounds to see, more research needed ) Adipose tissue has been shown to lend to the production of reactive O species and proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-I ± , IL-6, and IL-18. Previous surveies showing that fleshiness and MetS are independently associated with increased oxidative emphasis and inflammatory load. The presence of MetS exacerbates oxidative and inflammatory emphasis in corpulent grownups with higher systemic markers of oxidative emphasis and low-grade chronic redness in corpulent grownups with MetS compared with corpulent grownups free of MetS ( Guilder 2006 ) . Cross-sectional informations from 2,002 non-diabetic topics of the community-based Framingham Offspring Study has shown that systemic oxidative emphasis is associated with insulin opposition ( Meigs 2007 ) . There are besides negative effects of inordinate and deficient slumber on metabolic syndrome prevalence are described in ( Vosatkova et al 2012 ) . Despite a familial background of the upset, its outgrowth and development are strongly influenced by life manner. Therefore, intervention metabolic syndromeA by and large focuses onA diet and exercising. regularA physical activityA and a diet with aA restricted Calories intake, that is high inA whole grains, A monounsaturated fatsA and works nutrients ( such as theA Mediterranean diet ( Kastorini 2011 ) . The medical direction of metabolic syndrome includes CVD hazard, Blood force per unit area control WITH ( angiotension-converting enzyme ( ACE ) A inhibitors AND ORA angiotension receptor blockersA ( ARBs ) , drug therapy for Cholesterol withA lipid-lowering medicines ) , preventive Diabetes intervention and Exercise rehabilitation plans to help loss and mobility, In decision prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing steadily across assorted populations increasing hazards CVD and Diabetes related co-morbidities. Metabolic syndrome includes insulin opposition, splanchnic adiposeness, atherogenic dyslipidemia and endothelial disfunction and their ain related effects. The pathophysiological mechanisms of Mets are all interconnected. With changing planetary statistics and multiple universe definitions and standards a comprehensive cosmopolitan definition of the metabolic syndrome is needed for elucidation. The NCEP ATP III definition uses straightforward standards that are measured readily AND easiest to use clinically and epidemiologically. Metabolic syndrome and its different definitions do place the pathophysiological mechanisms that underline the procedure Insulin opposition and cardinal fleshiness are clearly cardinal constituents of the disease as they both cause glucose intolerance and dysplycemia. Metabolic syndrome is complex and there is new research on traveling. The best signifier of bar seem to be an easy hole for most MetS persons, lifestyle alterations and weightless.

How to Overcome Problems

I believe that everyone has problems or challenges to overcome everyday. Even people who think that they are perfect have problems or challenges to overcome everyday. I always have to overcome challenges or problems. No one in this world will not have any challenges or problems. They will have some type of challenge or problem. I believe anyone will be able to overcome those problems. People will always have issues when coming to problems or challenges. Sometime when I have problems in my daily life, I think of them as challenges to overcome. When you overcome those challenges, I know that you will feel good about it. I believe that no one should challenge a problem in their daily life. Because you get problems and adversity anyway, no matter what, why not at least make use of them? Thinking of those obstacles as challenges is a giant step in the direction of making hardship or difficulty has meaning. Best decision I ever made was to strive to do this. Don’t get me wrong. I still have my moments where I fail miserably and then gripe and moan for unknown amounts of time as I have a pity party. However when I’m done feeling sorry for myself I remember my goal to do this and suddenly there is a surge of strength that comes up that I didn’t know I had†¦. and I can carry on. So I wish you the best as you strive for this goal!!! I believe that anyone will be able to overcome challenges and problems everyday. I believe that problems are challenges to overcome in your daily life. Believe in yourself and believe in your problems and challenges to overcome everyday. My own problems or challenges that I had to overcome: One day in Computer Science class, we were starting another lab for the six weeks. My teacher Mrs. Glennon taught the lesson needed for this lab last class and I did not understand it very well. There were many lessons to teach you to know the materials, but something was missing and I could not understand it. On that day, I was unable to complete any parts of my lab, because of my lack of understanding for the lesson. Later that afternoon, I walked in to Mrs. Glennon’s room to get some help for my lab and lessons. In about 20 minutes, she finished reteaching the lesson that I was unsure of. I understood the lesson very well and was able to complete my lab that evening when I went home. I took the problems as challenges and I was able to overcome it!! I believe anyone would be able to overcome challenges or problems in their daily lives.

Free Essays on Poverty And Child Development

Poverty has a lot of meanings. The definition in the dictionary simply doesn’t suffice to show the human cost of poverty. Poverty is much more than the limited capital resources that this definition suggests. Poverty is defined by the federal government as 16,660 for a family of four in 1998 (â€Å"Child Poverty in the United States† 2000). These figures are extremely flawed; a single individual residing in the United States wouldn’t fare well by the standards of most individuals at this income level. Individuals in Cuba, Ecuador, and/or many other nations however, would live as kings on this income. Poverty is, therefore a subjective concept far more complicated than a yearly income. One individual most harshly affected by poverty are those who are the most powerless to do anything about it such as children. Research indicates that extreme poverty in the first five years of life, alters a child’s chances in life compared to lesser degrees of poverty in later life. This is the result of several key factors. The first problem associated with poverty is poor nutrition. It has been proven that poor nutrition leads to lower intelligence, poor physical development, and diminished immunity to disease. Children deprived of proper nutrition during the brain’s most formative year’s score much lower on tests of reading, vocabulary, arithmetic, comprehension and general knowledge. The more poverty a child faces, the lower his or her nutritional level is likely to be. Government assistance to poor families such as WIC help; however, the guidelines for eligibility fall woefully short of making sure that every child has adequate nutrition. As stated previo usly, the federal guidelines for poverty are ludicrous when applied to real world economics. To further complicate matters, guidelines used by agencies such as the United States Department of Health and Human Services serve to painfully remind the poor that they are a nuisance to be elim... Free Essays on Poverty And Child Development Free Essays on Poverty And Child Development Poverty has a lot of meanings. The definition in the dictionary simply doesn’t suffice to show the human cost of poverty. Poverty is much more than the limited capital resources that this definition suggests. Poverty is defined by the federal government as 16,660 for a family of four in 1998 (â€Å"Child Poverty in the United States† 2000). These figures are extremely flawed; a single individual residing in the United States wouldn’t fare well by the standards of most individuals at this income level. Individuals in Cuba, Ecuador, and/or many other nations however, would live as kings on this income. Poverty is, therefore a subjective concept far more complicated than a yearly income. One individual most harshly affected by poverty are those who are the most powerless to do anything about it such as children. Research indicates that extreme poverty in the first five years of life, alters a child’s chances in life compared to lesser degrees of poverty in later life. This is the result of several key factors. The first problem associated with poverty is poor nutrition. It has been proven that poor nutrition leads to lower intelligence, poor physical development, and diminished immunity to disease. Children deprived of proper nutrition during the brain’s most formative year’s score much lower on tests of reading, vocabulary, arithmetic, comprehension and general knowledge. The more poverty a child faces, the lower his or her nutritional level is likely to be. Government assistance to poor families such as WIC help; however, the guidelines for eligibility fall woefully short of making sure that every child has adequate nutrition. As stated previo usly, the federal guidelines for poverty are ludicrous when applied to real world economics. To further complicate matters, guidelines used by agencies such as the United States Department of Health and Human Services serve to painfully remind the poor that they are a nuisance to be elim...

Definition and Examples of Logical Fallacies

Definition and Examples of Logical Fallacies A Fallacy is an error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid: A fallacious argument is a defective argument, says Michael F. Goodman, and  a fallacy is  the defect in the argument itself. . . . Any argument committing one of the informal fallacies is an argument in which the conclusion does not follow conclusively from the premise(s) (First Logic, 1993). Observations on Fallacy In logic and the generalized study of reasoning, there are generally understood to be such things as good reasoning and bad reasoning. Typically, bad reasoning is characterized by falling into one or more of the classically compiled logical fallacies. A logical fallacy is simply a failure of logic. Arguments that are said to be fallacious have gaping holes or misleading leaps in their structure and reasoning.(J. Meany and K. Shuster, Art, Argument, and Advocacy. IDEA, 2002)An informal fallacy is an attempt at making a logical argument where there’s a failure in the reasoning itself. This can stem from a number of causes, such as the misapplication of words and phrases, or misunderstandings based on inappropriate assumptions. Illogical sequences in an argument can also cause informal fallacies. While informal fallacies can result in inaccurate arguments and false conclusions, that doesn’t mean they can’t be very persuasive.(Russ Alan Prince, How To Bolster Your Ne gotiations With Informal  Fallacies. Forbes, June 7, 2015) Deceptions A fallacy is so conceived that if an argument exhibits a fallacy, it is probably a bad one, but if the argument exhibits no such violation, it is a good one.Fallacies are mistakes in reasoning that do not seem to be mistakes. Indeed, part of the etymology of the word fallacy comes from the notion of deception. Fallacious arguments usually have the deceptive appearance of being good arguments. That perhaps explains why we are so often misled by them.(T. Edward Damer, Attacking Faulty Reasoning, 2001) Violations [O]ne clear sense of fallacy that we will encounter will involve a shift away from the correct direction in which an argumentative dialogue is progressing. By various means, an arguer may impede the other party from making her point or may attempt to draw the discussion off track. In fact, one popular modern approach to understanding fallacious reasoning is to see it as involving violations of rules that should govern disputes so as to ensure that they are well conducted and resolved. This approach, put forward by [Frans] van Eemeren and [Rob] Grootendorst in several works, goes by the name of pragma-dialectics. Not only is each of the traditional fallacies understood as a violation of a discussion rule, but new fallacies emerge to correspond to other violations once we focus on this way of conducting arguments.(Christopher W. Tindale, Fallacies and Argument Appraisal. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Pronunciation: FAL-eh-see Also Known As: logical fallacy, informal fallacy Etymology:From the Latin, deceive Etymology:From the Latin, deceive

Issues in international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Issues in international business - Essay Example Political stability would be ensured by abiding by the EUs political standards. Borders would finally be opened, reducing international barriers to the flow of goods and services, and products would now have access to all European markets. Tax policy changes would be controlled and property rights would be guaranteed, allowing foreign companies to invest on their soil, bringing jobs to the masses of unemployed. But there would be challenges ahead too. Would they be able to meet up to the standards expected of them Could they control the inflation rate Hold prices stable Grow GDP Avoid currency devaluation And minimize deficit No one had the answers, but certainly all ten of the new EU Member States were willing to try. Thus, their first step was to gather up their top economists to strategize. Optimal macroeconomic policies must be put into place as soon as possible to achieve the high standards expected as a new European nation. Each country would have their own strategy, but macroeconomic policies, in general, are adopted to avoid major economic upheavals, with the primary example being The Great Depression. These policies are set and controlled by a nation's government and central bank and include such challenges as stabilising the business cycle, facilitating long-term growth, reducing unemployment, controlling inflation and lowering the current account deficit (Parkin 534). Policy tools to achieve these goals are divided into two categories: fiscal policy and monetary policy. The powers of fiscal policy lie in the hands of the government which tries to influence the state of the economy by such measures as changing tax rates, and altering government spending and debt. On the other hand, monetary policy is steered by the central banks, which are able to adjust interest rates and alter the amount of money in circulation. These are the tools which have been used in a myriad of scenarios by the ten Member S tates inducted into the EU on 1 May 2004. Their actions have been made in an attempt to maintain a stable economy, allowing GDP to grow, deficit to decline and all the while keeping an eye on the golden ring, that is, to adopt the euro as their trading currency. In order to evaluate success of the governments and central banks of the ten new EU countries, one must first set a standard of measure. In other words, what are the goals to be met Is there a particular timeline set for these goals And then ask, how far along have they come in achieving these goals As previously mentioned, one of the major goals for the new countries is to adopt the euro as their own currency. Unlike Denmark and the United Kingdom, the new EU Member States would not have the option of voting out the single currency; but none would have chosen to anyway. Adopting the euro would probably do more alone in the first year towards achieving economic stabilization for these countries than any of the macroeconomic policies described could do in ten years. The euro essentially removes the previous risks involved with currency exchange rates and hedges against sudden inflationary impacts (Frequently Asked QuestionsECB). This results in lowering the interest rates and allows for price stability. However, to protect the current nations utilizing the euro from devaluation, the new EU Member States must be truly ready to adopt the new currency. This readiness is assessed by certain factors called the Maastricht convergence criteria established in

Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Film Analysis - Essay Example aging a Living†, especially in its story about Barbara Brooks who is a 36 year-old single, black mother living in Freeport, New York, reflects the matrix of domination in relation to how Barbara experiences herself in relation to social class, race, and gender, as well as how these intersect to form a boundary between subordination and privilege. In short, Barbara’s story in â€Å"Waging a Living† seen from the matrix of domination perspective, represents the fact that understanding oppression requires initial understanding of privilege as a counter position. Society typically uses descriptive dichotomies like white/black or female/male, which are in direct opposition to one another and are rarely representative of equal relationships (Zinn & Dill, 1996). This phenomenon can be used to describe the reason why Barbara Brooks finds herself in her position of domination. In this case, she falls into two halves that society considers inferior, which are being black and being female. This intersection of gender and race has been identified as having a significant influence over the labor market. For instance, despite Barbara having the requisite skill, experience, and education to succeed, these factors are not enough to make a difference in the outcome of the labor market. She still has to balance her responsibilities as a full time worker and a single mother, of which the latter is a consequence of her gender. The intersection of gender and race also has a significant impact on wages, especially since she is forced to return to her school a nd work schedule as she is unable to support her family. By understanding intersectionality and the labor market, it is further easier to see how the intersection of gender and race, as well as economic inequalities, impact on social status and class (Zinn & Dill, 1996). In Barbara’s case, her gender and race also intersect with her social status to make her even more dominated. Barbara lives in Freeport, New York where the